This study explores biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels, with a focus on feedstock evolution, production processes, properties, advantages, and environmental impacts. It begins by categorizing biodiesel feedstocks into first, second, third, and fourth generations. First-generation feedstocks, derived from edible oils, present challenges related to food security and land use. Second-generation feedstocks, which include non-edible oils and waste materials, offer improved sustainability by reducing competition with food production. Third-generation feedstocks, primarily algae, provide high oil yields and do not require arable land, while fourth-generation feedstocks involve genetically engineered organisms and carbon capture technologies aimed at minimizing environmental impact. Various biodiesel production processes, including pyrolysis, microemulsion, and transesterification, are considered. Transesterification is the most widely accepted due to its efficiency and simplicity, while pyrolysis and microemulsion offer additional methods for converting biomass into fuel. The study also discusses biodiesel's properties, such as high lubricity, biodegradability, and compatibility with existing diesel engines. The advantages of biodiesel are highlighted, particularly its ability to improve air quality, and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. However, concerns about the environmental impact of large-scale feedstock cultivation, especially in first-generation biodiesel, are addressed. Ultimately, biodiesel presents a promising path toward reducing environmental damage and meeting global energy needs in a more sustainable manner.
Non-edible feedstocks, biodiesel, Transesterification, biodiesel Properties, Biodiesel and Environment.